[Co-occurrence of risk factors to health among university students of a Brazilian tertiary education institution]. / Coocorrência de fatores de risco à saúde em universitários de uma instituição de ensino superior brasileira.

The co-occurrence of risk factors can lead to chronic noncommunicable diseases and even loss of life. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence and analyze sociodemographic characteristics linked to university life associated with the co-occurrence of risk factors among undergraduates. The study consisted of three cross-sectional surveys in 2010, 2012 and 2014 of undergraduates in Bahia, Brazil. The outcome of this study was the co-occurrence of two or more risk factors (lower levels of leisure-time physical activities, overweight/obesity, irregular consumption of fruits/vegetables and self-assessed lack of stress). The association among the variables was conducted by establishing the Prevalence Ratios. A total of 878, 879 and 877 undergraduates participated in the study in the years 2010, 2012 and 2014, respectively. In all three surveys, the prevalence of two or more risk factors was greater than 70%. The co-occurrence of two or more risk factors was associated with women, mature students, undergraduates from the health area and students with more years at university. The conclusion drawn was that the prevalence of two or more risk factors was high and that women were the group that presented higher prevalence of co-occurrence of risk factors in all surveys.

A coocorrência de fatores de risco pode desencadear doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e no extremo, a mortalidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as prevalências e analisar as características sociodemográficas e de vínculo com a universidade associadas à coocorrência de fatores de risco em universitários. O estudo, composto por três inquéritos transversais, foi realizado com universitários da Bahia, Brasil, nos anos de 2010, 2012 e 2014. O desfecho foi a coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco (menores níveis de atividades físicas no tempo livre, excesso de peso, consumo irregular de frutas/hortaliças e auto avaliação negativa do estresse). A associação com as variáveis foi realizada pelas Razões de Prevalências. Participaram do estudo 878, 879 e 877 universitários nos anos 2010, 2012 e 2014, respectivamente. Nos três inquéritos, a prevalência de dois ou mais fatores de risco foram superiores a 70%. Tiveram maiores prevalências de coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco as mulheres, universitários com idade avançada, da área de saúde e com mais tempo de universidade. Conclui-se que a prevalência de coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco foi elevada e que as mulheres representaram o grupo que se destacou com maiores prevalências desse desfecho em todos os inquéritos.

Coocorrência de fatores de risco à saúde em universitários de uma instituição de ensino superior brasileira / Co-occurrence of risk factors to health among university students of a Brazilian tertiary education institution

Resumo A coocorrência de fatores de risco pode desencadear doenças crônicas não transmissíveis e no extremo, a mortalidade. Os objetivos deste estudo foram descrever as prevalências e analisar as características sociodemográficas e de vínculo com a universidade associadas à coocorrência de fatores de risco em universitários. O estudo, composto por três inquéritos transversais, foi realizado com universitários da Bahia, Brasil, nos anos de 2010, 2012 e 2014. O desfecho foi a coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco (menores níveis de atividades físicas no tempo livre, excesso de peso, consumo irregular de frutas/hortaliças e auto avaliação negativa do estresse). A associação com as variáveis foi realizada pelas Razões de Prevalências. Participaram do estudo 878, 879 e 877 universitários nos anos 2010, 2012 e 2014, respectivamente. Nos três inquéritos, a prevalência de dois ou mais fatores de risco foram superiores a 70%. Tiveram maiores prevalências de coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco as mulheres, universitários com idade avançada, da área de saúde e com mais tempo de universidade. Conclui-se que a prevalência de coocorrência de dois ou mais fatores de risco foi elevada e que as mulheres representaram o grupo que se destacou com maiores prevalências desse desfecho em todos os inquéritos.

Abstract The co-occurrence of risk factors can lead to chronic noncommunicable diseases and even loss of life. The objectives of this study were to describe the prevalence and analyze sociodemographic characteristics linked to university life associated with the co-occurrence of risk factors among undergraduates. The study consisted of three cross-sectional surveys in 2010, 2012 and 2014 of undergraduates in Bahia, Brazil. The outcome of this study was the co-occurrence of two or more risk factors (lower levels of leisure-time physical activities, overweight/obesity, irregular consumption of fruits/vegetables and self-assessed lack of stress). The association among the variables was conducted by establishing the Prevalence Ratios. A total of 878, 879 and 877 undergraduates participated in the study in the years 2010, 2012 and 2014, respectively. In all three surveys, the prevalence of two or more risk factors was greater than 70%. The co-occurrence of two or more risk factors was associated with women, mature students, undergraduates from the health area and students with more years at university. The conclusion drawn was that the prevalence of two or more risk factors was high and that women were the group that presented higher prevalence of co-occurrence of risk factors in all surveys.

Prevalence of older drivers in Brazil: results from Vigitel 2018 / Prevalência de motoristas idosos no Brasil: resultados do Vigitel 2018

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of Brazilian older adults who drive a car/ride a motorcycle, according to sociodemographic characteristics. METHODS: This cross-sectional study uses data from the 2018 Surveillance System for Risk and Protective Factors for Chronic Diseases by Telephone Survey (Vigitel). The prevalence of drivers was determined by an affirmative answer to the following question: "Do you drive a car, motorcycle and/or other vehicle?". RESULTS: Among the 15 333 individuals aged 65 and over living in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District, the overall prevalence of drivers was 28.73% (95%CI 27.22 -30.29) and was higher among men (53.37%; 95%CI 50.45 - 56.28), those with higher education (65.44%; 95%CI 61.98 - 68.75), and individuals aged 65 to 69 years (35.7%; 95%CI 33.06 - 38.61). Among the regions of Brazil, prevalence varied from 35% (Midwest and South) to approximately 22% (North and Northeast). Florianopolis (42.2%; 95%CI 38.05 - 46.47) and Palmas (40.32%; 95%CI 32.74 - 48.38) were the cities with the highest prevalence of older drivers. CONCLUSIONS: Characteristics such as sex, age group, region, and state capital of residence affect the prevalence of older drivers. Our results contribute to knowledge about how older adults choose to move around in large Brazilian cities, enabling proposal of strategies to improve the quality of this population's displacement.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de idosos brasileiros que dirigem carro/motocicleta, de acordo com características sociodemográficas. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de estudo transversal realizado com dados do Sistema de Vigilância de Fatores de Risco e Proteção para Doenças Crônicas (Vigitel 2018). A prevalência de motoristas foi determinada pela resposta positiva à questão: "O(A) sr.(a) dirige carro, moto e/ou outro veículo?". RESULTADOS: Entre os 15 333 indivíduos de 65 anos ou mais, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, a prevalência de motoristas foi de 28,76% (IC95% 27,22 - 30,29), sendo maior entre os homens (53,37%; IC95% 50,45 - 56,28), naqueles com maior escolaridade (65,44%; IC95% 61,98 - 68,75) e nos indivíduos de 65 a 69 anos (35,79%; IC95% 33,06 - 38,61). Entre as regiões do Brasil, a prevalência variou de 35% (centro-oeste e sul) a, aproximadamente, 22% (norte e nordeste). As capitais com maior percentual de idosos motoristas foram Florianópolis (42,20%; IC95% 38,05 - 46,47) e Palmas (40,32%; IC95% 32,74 - 48,38). CONCLUSÕES: Características como sexo, faixa etária, região e capitais do Brasil afetam a prevalência de motoristas. Espera-se que os resultados apresentados aqui possam contribuir para o conhecimento de como os idosos escolhem se locomover nas grandes cidades brasileiras, permitindo propor estratégias para melhorar a qualidade de deslocamento dessa população.

Factors associated with handgrip strength in older adults residents in Florianópolis, Brazil: EpiFloripa Aging Study / Fatores associados à Força de Preensão Manual em idosos residentes em Florianópolis, Brasil: Estudo EpiFloripa Idoso

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the association between sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, health conditions and low Handgrip Strength in older adults. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted in a sample of 598 older adults. The Handgrip Strength (first quartile) was verified using a dynamometer. Independent variables included age group, schooling, living arrangement, paid work, alcohol consumption, smoking, leisure-time physical activity and transportation, disability in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living, history of falls and probable cognitive impairment. Logistic regression analyses were performed (crude and adjusted). Results Age group, disability in instrumental activities of daily living and physical inactivity were associated with low Handgrip Strength for women. For men, there was no association. Conclusion Low Handgrip Strength was positively associated with age, disability in instrumental activities of daily living, and negatively associated with the practice of physical activity in women.

RESUMO Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre fatores sociodemográficos, estilo de vida e condições de saúde, e a Força de Preensão Manual baixa em idosos. Métodos Trata-se de estudo transversal, de base populacional, com 598 idosos. A Força de Preensão Manual baixa (primeiro quartil) foi verificada por meio de dinamômetro. As variáveis independentes incluíram grupo etário, escolaridade, arranjo familiar, trabalho atual, ingestão de bebida alcoólica, tabagismo, atividade física de lazer e deslocamento, dependência funcional nas Atividades Básicas e Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária, histórico de quedas e provável déficit cognitivo. Foram realizadas análises de regressão logística (bruta e ajustada). Resultados O grupo etário, a dependência nas Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária e a inatividade física foram associadas à Força de Preensão Manual baixa para o sexo feminino. Já para o sexo masculino, não houve associação. Conclusão A Força de Preensão Manual baixa foi associada positivamente ao grupo etário à dependência nas Atividades Instrumentais da Vida Diária; e negativamente associada à prática de atividade física, no sexo feminino.

Simultaneity of leisure behaviors and common mental disorders among healthcare workers.

The objective of this study was to investigate the aggregation of four leisure behaviors and the association between the number of leisure behaviors and common mental disorders (CMD). A cross-sectional study was carried out with a representative sample of healthcare workers of Brazil. The aggregation of the types of leisure activities was assessed by comparing the observed prevalence with the expected prevalence. The logistic regression analysis evaluated the association between the number of leisure behaviors and CMD. Leisure behaviors tended to show aggregation (<0.05). The multivariate analysis showed a negative association between the number of leisure behaviors and the CMD, only among women. The results indicate that the association between the number of leisure behaviors and the CMD is different depending on sex.

Cognition and Indicators of Dietary Habits in Older Adults from Southern Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the association between unhealthy dietary habits and cognition in older adults from Southern Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the second wave of a population- and household-based epidemiological survey (2013-2014) conducted in the city of Florianópolis. A total of 1,197 older adults (778 women) over 60 years old participated in the study. Cognition, the dependent variable, was measured by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). The independent variables were the following indicators of unhealthy dietary habits: low intake of fruits and vegetables (≤ 4 servings/day); fish (< 1 serving/week); and habitual fatty meat intake (yes/no). Adjustments were made for age, education level, income, smoking status, alcohol intake, leisure-time physical activity, depression symptoms, chronic diseases, and body mass index. Simple and multiple linear regression analyses were performed, considering sampling weights and stratification by gender. RESULTS: The mean MMSE scores for men and women were 25.15 ± 5.56 and 24.26 ± 5.68, respectively (p = 0.009). After adjustments, in women low fruit and vegetable intake (≤ 4 servings/day) was independently associated with the lowest MMSE scores. No associations were found in men. Additionally, women's mean MMSE scores increased as their daily frequency of fruit and vegetable intake increased (p = 0.001). CONCLUSION: Women with low fruit and vegetable intake according to the World Health Organization (WHO) have lower cognition scores. Regular intake of fruits, vegetables, and fish in exchange of fatty meats may be a viable public policy strategy to preserve cognition in aging.

Factors Associated With Muscle Strength Among Rural Community-Dwelling Older Women in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Muscle strength is an important predictor of disability, mortality, and health complications among older adults. The objective of this study was to verify the sociodemographic factors, lifestyle, and health conditions associated with inadequate muscle strength in older women in a rural community in the South of Brazil. METHODS: This was a cross sectional study employing a probabilistic sample (2010-2011) of 270 older adult women (≥ 60 years). Handgrip strength (HGS) was measured with a dynamometer (Takei, Japan). Lower limb muscle strength (LLMS) was assessed through the "chair stand test." The variables analyzed were age, literacy, current work status, living arrangement, occupation throughout life, smoking, sitting time, number of morbidities, history of falls, and cognitive function. The prevalence ratio was used as a measure of association, by Poisson regression analysis (crude and adjusted). RESULTS: The mean age of the older women was 73.2 (standard deviation, 8.8) years. The proportion of women who presented with inadequate HGS and LLMS was 18.8% (95% confidence interval, 13.8-23.7) and 29.8% (95% confidence interval, 23.9-35.6), respectively. Inadequate strength in the 2 tests was associated with age, the condition of not working, and altered cognitive function. Inadequate strength in the LLMS test was associated with having fallen during the last year. CONCLUSIONS: Factors associated with muscle strength are specific to the test. The following sociodemographic and health variables were positively associated with inadequate strength on the HGS and LLMS tests: advancing age, not working, and altered cognitive function. A history of falls is associated with inadequate performance on the LLMS test.

Nutritional status in the oldest elderly and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To verify factors associated with nutritional status in an oldest elderly communitydwelling population in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional epidemiological and household-based study involved all subjects (n = 134) aged > 80 years who were living in Antônio Carlos (Santa Catarina state, Brazil). Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI < 22.0 kg/m², underweight; BMI > 27.0 kg/m², overweight). Explanatory variables in the study were: gender (women/ men), literacy (knows how to write and read - yes/no), living conditions (lives alone/with company), cognitive function (normal/altered), eating difficulty (yes/no), medication use (none to two/three or more), morbidity (none to two/three or more diseases), alimentary pattern (adequate/inadequate), alcohol consumption (none to one day a week, two or more days a week), cigarette smoking (never/current or former smoker), physical activity level (< 150 min/week; > 150 min/week), and sitting time (< 4 hours/day; > 4 hours but < 6 hours/ day; > 6 hours/day). RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight was 27.3% in men and 12.8% in women (p < 0.01), and was positively associated with altered cognitive function (OR: 3.52) and inversely related with greater medication use (OR: 0.34). Overweight affected 25.5% of men and 53.8% of women. It was negatively associated with illiteracy (OR: 0.12) and positively associated with female gender (OR: 2.58). CONCLUSION: There are differences between men and women regarding nutritional status. The factors associated to nutritional status of the oldest elderly from Antônio Carlos are specific to the vulnerability condition (underweight and overweight).

Nutritional status in the oldest elderly and associated factors / Estado nutricional de idosos longevos e fatores associados

OBJECTIVE: To verify factors associated with nutritional status in an oldest elderly communitydwelling population in Southern Brazil. METHODS: This cross-sectional epidemiological and household-based study involved all subjects (n = 134) aged > 80 years who were living in Antônio Carlos (Santa Catarina state, Brazil). Nutritional status was assessed by body mass index (BMI < 22.0 kg/m2, underweight; BMI > 27.0 kg/m2, overweight). Explanatory variables in the study were: gender (women/ men), literacy (knows how to write and read - yes/no), living conditions (lives alone/with company), cognitive function (normal/altered), eating difficulty (yes/no), medication use (none to two/three or more), morbidity (none to two/three or more diseases), alimentary pattern (adequate/inadequate), alcohol consumption (none to one day a week, two or more days a week), cigarette smoking (never/current or former smoker), physical activity level (< 150 min/week; > 150 min/week), and sitting time (< 4 hours/day; > 4 hours but < 6 hours/ day; > 6 hours/day). RESULTS: Prevalence of underweight was 27.3% in men and 12.8% in women (p < 0.01), and was positively associated with altered cognitive function (OR: 3.52) and inversely related with greater medication use (OR: 0.34). Overweight affected 25.5% of men and 53.8% of women. It was negatively associated with illiteracy (OR: 0.12) and positively associated with female gender (OR: 2.58). CONCLUSION: There are differences between men and women regarding nutritional status. The factors associated to nutritional status of the oldest elderly from Antônio Carlos are specific to the vulnerability condition (underweight and overweight).

OBJETIVO: Verificar os fatores associados ao estado nutricional de uma população de idosos longevos vivendo em comunidade no sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: Este estudo epidemiológico, transversal, de base domiciliar, envolveu todos os idosos (n = 134), com idade > 80 anos, residentes no município de Antônio Carlos (Santa Catarina). O estado nutricional foi verificado por meio do índice de massa corporal: (IMC < 22,0 kg/m2, baixo peso; IMC > 27,0, excesso de peso). As variáveis exploratórias do estudo foram: sexo, saber ler e escrever (sim/não); arranjo familiar (mora só/acompanhado); função cognitiva (normal/alterada); dificuldade para comer (sim/não); uso de medicamentos (0-2/3 ou mais); morbidades (0-2/ 3 ou mais), padrão alimentar (adequado/não adequado); consumo de bebidas alcoólicas (0-1 dia/sem. ou 2 ou mais dias/sem); tabagismo (nunca/fumante ou ex-fumante); nível de atividade física (< 150 min./sem.; > 150 min./sem.); tempo sentado (< 4 horas/dia; > 4 horas mas < 6 horas/dia; > 6 horas/dia). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de baixo peso foi de 27,3% nos homens e 12,8% nas mulheres(p < 0,01) e foi positivamente associada à função cognitiva alterada (OR: 3,52) e inversamente relacionada ao uso de mais medicamentos (OR: 0,34). O excesso de peso afetou 25,5% dos homens e 53,8% das mulheres e foi negativamente associado a não saber ler (OR: 0,12) e positivamente associado ao sexo feminino (OR: 2,58). CONCLUSÃO: Existem diferenças no estado nutricional de homens e mulheres. Os fatores associados ao estado nutricional dos idosos longevos de Antônio Carlos são específicos à condição de vulnerabilidade (baixo peso e excesso de peso).

Medidas auto-referidas são válidas para avaliação do estado nutricional na população brasileira? / Are self-reported measures valid for the assessment of nutritional status in the brazilian population?

As medidas auto-referidas têm sido amplamente utilizadas para avaliar oestado nutricional em estudos epidemiológicos. Este ponto de vista teve o propósito de tecer considerações sobre a validade do uso das medidas de massa corporal e estatura referidas, para a avaliação do estado nutricional em crianças, adolescentes, adultos e idosos no Brasil. As evidências disponíveis sugerem que: a) em crianças, a utilização de medidas auto-referidas não é recomendada, devido à inexistênciade estudos nacionais; b) em adolescentes, essas medidas devem ser utilizadas com cautela, visto que o único estudo realizado no país foi restrito a uma amostra local e pode não representar a realidade das demais regiões; c) em adultos, o uso desse método pode ser considerado uma alternativa viável para avaliar e monitorar o estado nutricional, em situações nas quais não é possível a medida direta dessas informações; d) em idosos, ainda não é possível recomendar a utilização das medidasauto-referidas por dois motivos: 1) os estudos não foram conduzidos especificamente com indivíduos acima de 60 anos; 2) esse grupo etário tende a estimar com menor acurácia essas medidas.

Self-reported measures have been widely used for the assessment of nutritional status in epidemiological studies. This paper discusses aspects regarding the validity of self-reported measures of body weight and height for the assessment of nutritional status in Brazilian children, adolescents, adults and elderly subjects. The available evidence suggests that: a) in children, the use of self-reported measures is not recommended because of the lack of Brazilian studies; b) in adolescents, these measures should be used withcaution since the only study carried out in Brazil was restricted to a local sample and may not represent the situation in other regions; c) in adults, this method can be considered a viable alternative for assessing and monitoring nutritional status in situations in which these data cannot be measured directly; d) in the elderly, the use of self-reported measures cannot yet be recommended for two reasons: first, studies specifically including subjects older than 60 years have not been conducted and, second, this age group tends to estimate these measures less accurately.